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# Nginx静态资源的配置指令
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## 1. listen指令
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- listen:用来配置监听端口。
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| 语法 | listen address[:port] [default_server]...;<br/>listen port [default_server]...; |
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|-----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 默认值 | listen *:80 \*:8000 |
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| 位置 | server |
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- 配置方式
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```editorconfig
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listen 127.0.0.1:8000; // listen localhost:8000 监听指定的IP和端口
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listen 127.0.0.1; 监听指定IP的所有端口
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listen 8000; 监听指定端口上的连接
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listen *:8000; 监听指定端口上的连接, 和上面没有什么区别
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```
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- **default_server属性是标识符,用来将此虚拟主机设置成默认主机**。
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- 所谓的默认主机指的是**如果没有匹配到对应的address:port,则会默认执行的**。
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- 如果不指定默认使用的是**第一个server**。
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```editorconfig
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server{
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listen 8080;
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server_name 127.0.0.1;
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location /{
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root html;
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index index.html;
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}
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}
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server{
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listen 8080 default_server;
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server_name localhost;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 444 'This is a error request';
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}
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```
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## 2. server_name指令
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- server_name:用来设置虚拟主机服务名称。
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- 127.0.0.1 、 localhost 、域名[www.baidu.com | www.jd.com]
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| 语法 | server_name name ...;<br/>name可以提供多个中间用空格分隔 |
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|-----|----------------------------------------------|
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| 默认值 | server_name ""; |
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| 位置 | server |
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- 关于server_name的配置方式有三种,分别是:
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- 精确匹配
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- 通配符匹配
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- 正则表达式匹配
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- 配置方式一:精确匹配
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```editorconfig
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name www.itcast.cn www.itheima.cn;
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...
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}
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```
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- 配置方式二:使用通配符配置
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- server_name中支持通配符"*",但需要注意的是**通配符不能出现在域名的中间**,只能出现在首段或尾段,如:
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```editorconfig
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name *.itcast.cn www.itheima.*;
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# www.itcast.cn abc.itcast.cn www.itheima.cn www.itheima.com
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...
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}
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```
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- 配置三:使用正则表达式配置
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- server_name中可以使用正则表达式,并且使用`~`作为正则表达式字符串的开始标记。
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| 代码 | 说明 |
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|-------|--------------------------------------------|
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| ^ | 匹配搜索字符串开始位置 |
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| $ | 匹配搜索字符串结束位置 |
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| . | 匹配除换行符\n之外的任何单个字符 |
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| \ | 转义字符,将下一个字符标记为特殊字符 |
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| [xyz] | 字符集,与任意一个指定字符匹配 |
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| [a-z] | 字符范围,匹配指定范围内的任何字符 |
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| \w | 与以下任意字符匹配 A-Z a-z 0-9 和下划线,等效于[A-Za-z0-9_] |
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| \d | 数字字符匹配,等效于[0-9] |
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| {n} | 正好匹配n次 |
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| {n,} | 至少匹配n次 |
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| {n,m} | 匹配至少n次至多m次 |
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| * | 零次或多次,等效于{0,} |
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| + | 一次或多次,等效于{1,} |
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| ? | 零次或一次,等效于{0,1} |
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- 配置如下:
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```editorconfig
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server{
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listen 80;
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server_name ~^www\.(\w+)\.com$;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 $1 $2 ..;
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}
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注意 ~后面不能加空格,括号可以取值
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```
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- 匹配执行顺序
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- 由于server_name指令支持通配符和正则表达式,因此在包含多个虚拟主机的配置文件中,
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**可能会出现一个名称被多个虚拟主机的server_name匹配成功**,当遇到这种情况,当前的请求交给谁来处理呢?
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```editorconfig
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server{
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listen 80;
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server_name ~^www\.\w+\.com$;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 'regex_success';
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}
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server{
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listen 80;
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server_name www.itheima.*;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 'wildcard_after_success';
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}
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server{
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listen 80;
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server_name *.itheima.com;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 'wildcard_before_success';
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}
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server{
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listen 80;
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server_name www.itheima.com;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 'exact_success';
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}
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server{
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listen 80 default_server;
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server_name _;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 444 'default_server not found server';
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}
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```
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- 结论:
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```txt
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exact_success
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wildcard_before_success
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wildcard_after_success
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regex_success
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default_server not found server!!
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```
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- No1:准确匹配server_name
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- No2:通配符在开始时匹配server_name成功
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- No3:通配符在结束时匹配server_name成功
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- No4:正则表达式匹配server_name成功
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- No5:被默认的default_server处理,如果没有指定默认找第一个server
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- location指令
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```editorconfig
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server{
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listen 80;
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server_name localhost;
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location / {
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}
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location /abc{
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}
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...
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}
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```
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- location:用来设置请求的URI
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| 语法 | location [ = \ ~ \ ~* \ ^~ \@ ] uri{...} |
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|-----|------------------------------------------------------|
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| 默认值 | — |
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| 位置 | server,location |
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- uri变量是待匹配的请求字符串,可以不包含正则表达式,也可以包含正则表达式,那么nginx服务器在搜索匹配location的时候,
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- 是先使用不包含正则表达式进行匹配,找到一个匹配度最高的一个,然后在通过包含正则表达式的进行匹配,如果能匹配到直接访问,
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- 匹配不到,就使用刚才匹配度最高的那个location来处理请求。
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- 不带符号,要求必须以指定模式开始
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```editorconfig
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 127.0.0.1;
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location /abc{
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "access success";
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}
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}
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以下访问都是正确的
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http://192.168.200.133/abc
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http://192.168.200.133/abc?p1=TOM
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http://192.168.200.133/abc/
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http://192.168.200.133/abcdef
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```
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- = : 用于不包含正则表达式的uri前,必须与指定的模式精确匹配
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```editorconfig
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 127.0.0.1;
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location =/abc{
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "access success";
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}
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}
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可以匹配到
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http://192.168.200.133/abc
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http://192.168.200.133/abc?p1=TOM
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匹配不到
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http://192.168.200.133/abc/
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http://192.168.200.133/abcdef
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```
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- ~ : 用于表示当前uri中包含了正则表达式,并且区分大小写
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- ~*: 用于表示当前uri中包含了正则表达式,并且不区分大小写
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- 换句话说,如果uri包含了正则表达式,需要用上述两个符合来标识
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```editorconfig
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 127.0.0.1;
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location ~^/abc\w${
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "access success";
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}
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}
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 127.0.0.1;
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location ~*^/abc\w${
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "access success";
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}
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}
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```
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- ^~: 用于不包含正则表达式的uri前,功能和不加符号的一致,唯一不同的是,如果模式匹配,那么就停止搜索其他模式了。
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```editorconfig
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name 127.0.0.1;
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location ^~/abc{
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "access success";
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}
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}
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```
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- **设置请求资源的目录root / alias**
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- root:设置请求的根目录
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| 语法 | root path; |
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|-----|----------------------|
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| 默认值 | root html; |
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| 位置 | http、server、location |
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- path为Nginx服务器接收到请求以后查找资源的根目录路径。
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- alias:用来更改location的URI
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| 语法 | alias path; |
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|-----|-------------|
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| 默认值 | — |
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| 位置 | location |
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- path为修改后的根路径。
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- 以上两个指令都可以来指定访问资源的路径,那么这两者之间的区别是什么?
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- 举例说明:
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- (1)在`/usr/local/nginx/html`目录下创建一个 images目录,并在目录下放入一张图片`mv.png`图片
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```editorconfig
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location /images {
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root /usr/local/nginx/html;
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}
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```
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- 访问图片的路径为: http://192.168.200.133/images/mv.png
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- (2)如果把root改为alias
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```editorconfig
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location /images {
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alias /usr/local/nginx/html;
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}
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```
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- 再次访问上述地址,页面会出现404的错误,查看错误日志会发现是因为地址不对,所以验证了:
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```shell
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root的处理结果是: root路径+location路径
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/usr/local/nginx/html/images/mv.png
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alias的处理结果是:使用alias路径替换location路径
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/usr/local/nginx/html/images
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```
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- 需要在alias后面路径改为
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```editorconfig
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location /images {
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alias /usr/local/nginx/html/images;
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}
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```
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- (3)如果location路径是以/结尾,则alias也必须是以/结尾,root没有要求
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- 将上述配置修改为
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```editorconfig
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location /images/ {
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alias /usr/local/nginx/html/images;
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}
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```
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- 访问就会出问题,查看错误日志还是路径不对,所以需要把alias后面加上 /
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- root的处理结果是: root路径+location路径
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- alias的处理结果是:使用alias路径替换location路径
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- alias是一个目录别名的定义,root则是最上层目录的含义。
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- 如果location路径是以/结尾,则alias也必须是以/结尾,
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- **index指令**
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- index:设置网站的默认首页
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| 语法 | index file ...; |
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|-----|----------------------|
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| 默认值 | index index.html; |
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| 位置 | http、server、location |
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- index后面可以跟多个设置,如果访问的时候没有指定具体访问的资源,则会依次进行查找,找到第一个为止。
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|
- 举例说明:
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|
|
```editorconfig
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|
|
location / {
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|
|
root /usr/local/nginx/html;
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|
|
index index.html index.htm;
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|
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}
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|
访问该location的时候,可以通过 http://ip:port/,地址后面如果不添加任何内容,则默认依次访问index.html和index.htm,找到第一个来进行返回
|
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|
|
```
|
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|
- **error_page指令**
|
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|
|
- error_page:设置网站的错误页面
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| 语法 | error_page code ... [=[response]] uri; |
|
|
|
|
|
|-----|----------------------------------------|
|
|
|
|
|
| 默认值 | — |
|
|
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|
|
| 位置 | http、server、location...... |
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
- 当出现对应的响应code后,如何来处理。
|
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|
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|
|
|
- 举例说明:
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
- (1)可以指定具体跳转的地址
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```editorconfig
|
|
|
|
|
server {
|
|
|
|
|
error_page 404 http://www.itcast.cn;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- (2)可以指定重定向地址
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```editorconfig
|
|
|
|
|
server{
|
|
|
|
|
error_page 404 /50x.html;
|
|
|
|
|
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
|
|
|
|
|
location =/50x.html{
|
|
|
|
|
root html;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- (3)使用location的@符合完成错误信息展示
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```editorconfig
|
|
|
|
|
server{
|
|
|
|
|
error_page 404 @jump_to_error;
|
|
|
|
|
location @jump_to_error {
|
|
|
|
|
default_type text/plain;
|
|
|
|
|
return 404 'Not Found Page...';
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
- 可选项`=[response]`的作用是用来将相应代码更改为另外一个
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
```editorconfig
|
|
|
|
|
server{
|
|
|
|
|
error_page 404 =200 /50x.html;
|
|
|
|
|
location =/50x.html{
|
|
|
|
|
root html;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
这样的话,当返回404找不到对应的资源的时候,在浏览器上可以看到,最终返回的状态码是200,这块需要注意下,编写error_page后面的内容,404后面需要加空格,200前面不能加空格
|
|
|
|
|
```
|